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<div style="position: absolute; left:123.5px; top: 69px;"><span style="text-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em #C6ECFF, -0.1em 0.1em #C6ECFF, 0.1em -0.1em #C6ECFF, -0.1em -0.1em #C6ECFF; letter-spacing: .7em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paratethys</a></span></div>

<div style="position: absolute; left:134px; top: 128.5px;"><span style="text-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em #C6ECFF, -0.1em 0.1em #C6ECFF, 0.1em -0.1em #C6ECFF, -0.1em -0.1em #C6ECFF; letter-spacing: 1.0em;"><a href="Tethys_(Ozean)" title="Tethys (Ozean)">Tethys</a></span></div>

<div style="position: absolute; left:183px; top: 102.95px;"><small><a href="Anatolische_Platte" title="Anatolische Platte">Anatolien</a></small></div>

</div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Proto-<a href="Mittelmeer" title="Mittelmeer">Mittelmeer</a> und frühe Paratethys, ca. 30 <a href="Mya_(Zeitskala)" title="Mya (Zeitskala)">mya</a> (<a href="Rupelium" title="Rupelium">Rupelium</a>, lokal Kiscellium), am Beginn der Hauptphase der <a href="Alpidische_Orogenese" title="Alpidische Orogenese">Alpidischen Orogenese</a></div></div></div>

<p>Die <b>Paratethys</b> war in der <a href="Erdgeschichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdgeschichte">Erdgeschichte</a> ein <a href="Randmeer" title="Randmeer">Randmeer</a> <a href="Eurasien" title="Eurasien">Eurasiens</a>, das sich zwischen den auffaltenden <a href="Alpidischer_Gebirgsg%C3%BCrtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpidischer Gebirgsgürtel">alpidischen Gebirgen</a> und dem <a href="Eurasisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasisch">eurasischen</a> Festland überwiegend auf <a href="Kontinentale_Kruste" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontinentale Kruste">kontinentaler Kruste</a> bildete.

</p><p>Die Paratethys bildete sich vor etwa 34 Millionen Jahren zu Beginn des <a href="Oligoz%C3%A4n" title="Oligozän">Oligozäns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> als die nördliche Region der <a href="Tethys_(Ozean)" title="Tethys (Ozean)">Tethys</a> (Peri-Tethys) durch die Bildung der <a href="Alpen" title="Alpen">Alpen</a>, der <a href="Karpaten" title="Karpaten">Karpaten</a>, der <a href="Dinarisches_Gebirge" title="Dinarisches Gebirge">Dinariden</a>, des <a href="Taurusgebirge" title="Taurusgebirge">Taurus-</a> und des <a href="Elburs-Gebirge" class="mw-redirect" title="Elburs-Gebirge">Elburs-Gebirges</a> von der mediterranen Region getrennt wurde. Während des Oligozäns und des frühen und mittleren <a href="Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän">Miozäns</a> war die Paratethys zeitweise wieder mit der Tethys oder ihren Nachfolgern (dem <a href="Mittelmeer" title="Mittelmeer">Mittelmeer</a> oder dem <a href="Indischer_Ozean" title="Indischer Ozean">Indischen Ozean</a>) verbunden, doch mit Beginn des späten Miozäns verwandelte sich die Paratethys in einen tektonisch eingeschlossenen See, der sich von den Ostalpen bis zum heutigen Kasachstan erstreckte.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ab dem Pliozän (vor ca. 5 Millionen Jahren) wurde die Paratethys immer flacher. Das heutige <a href="Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer">Schwarze Meer</a>, das <a href="Kaspisches_Meer" title="Kaspisches Meer">Kaspische Meer</a>, der <a href="Aralsee" title="Aralsee">Aralsee</a>, der <a href="Urmiasee" title="Urmiasee">Urmiasee</a> und der <a href="Namaksee" title="Namaksee">Namaksee</a> gehören zu den Überbleibseln des Paratethys-Meeres.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Räumliche_Gliederung"><span id="R.C3.A4umliche_Gliederung"></span>Räumliche Gliederung</h2></div>

<p>Die Paratethys wird heute nach <a href="Fazies" title="Fazies">faziellen</a>, <a href="Biogeographie" title="Biogeographie">biogeographischen</a> und <a href="Plattentektonik" title="Plattentektonik">plattentektonischen</a> Aspekten in drei Teilregionen unterteilt:

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<ul><li>westliche Paratethys: umfasste das <a href="Rhone" title="Rhone">Rhone</a>-Becken in Ostfrankreich sowie das <a href="Molassebecken" title="Molassebecken">Molassebecken</a> der Schweiz und des westlichen Bayerns.</li>

<li>zentrale Paratethys: erstreckte sich vom <a href="Molassebecken" title="Molassebecken">Molassebecken</a> Ostbayerns bis zur östlichen Vortiefe des <a href="Karpatenbogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpatenbogen">Karpatenbogens</a> und schloss die intermontanen Becken <a href="Wiener_Becken" title="Wiener Becken">Wiener Becken</a>, <a href="Steirisches_Becken" class="mw-redirect" title="Steirisches Becken">Steirisches Becken</a> und <a href="Pannonisches_Becken" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonisches Becken">Pannonisches Becken</a> mit ein.</li>

<li>östliche Paratethys: das mit Abstand größte der drei Teilgebiete erstreckte sich vom <a href="Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer">Schwarzen Meer</a> bis zum <a href="Aralsee" title="Aralsee">Aralsee</a> in Zentralasien.</li></ul>

<p>Das Schwarze Meer und das <a href="Kaspisches_Meer" title="Kaspisches Meer">Kaspische Meer</a> sowie der <a href="Ohridsee" title="Ohridsee">Ohridsee</a> im Grenzgebiet von <a href="Nordmazedonien" title="Nordmazedonien">Mazedonien</a> und <a href="Albanien" title="Albanien">Albanien</a> sind Restgewässer der Paratethys.

</p><p>Im Bereich u. a. des heutigen <a href="Neusiedler_See" title="Neusiedler See">Neusiedler Sees</a> und des <a href="Balaton" title="Balaton">Balatons</a> bestand zwar ab dem oberen <a href="Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän">Miozän</a> ein ausgedehnter <a href="Brackwasser" title="Brackwasser">Brackwasser</a>-See, der <a href="Pannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannon">Pannon</a>-See, jedoch sind die beiden heutigen Seen erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entstanden und stellen deshalb, anders als z. B. der Ohridsee, <i>kein</i> Restgewässer der Paratethys dar.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namensgebung_und_Geschichte">Namensgebung und Geschichte</h2></div>

<p>Der Begriff Paratethys wurde 1924 von Wladimir Dmitrijewitsch Laskarew (1868–1954) in erster Linie vorgeschlagen, um die <a href="Fauna" title="Fauna">Faunen</a> der Paratethys von den <a href="Mediterran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterran">mediterranen</a> Faunen abzugrenzen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plattentektonische_Situation">Plattentektonische Situation</h2></div>

<p>Durch die <a href="Kontinentaldrift" title="Kontinentaldrift">Norddrift</a> von Afrika zusammen mit der noch festverbundenen <a href="Arabische_Halbinsel" title="Arabische Halbinsel">Arabischen Halbinsel</a> und der heutigen <a href="Indische_Platte" title="Indische Platte">Indischen Platte</a> verschwand der <a href="Tethys_(Ozean)" title="Tethys (Ozean)">Tethys-Ozean</a> bis zum Ober<a href="Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän">eozän</a> zunehmend in den sich bildenden alpidischen <a href="Orogen" title="Orogen">Orogenen</a>. Im Westen wurde sein südlicher Arm allmählich zu einem kleinen Rest reduziert, der heute im östlichen <a href="Mittelmeer" title="Mittelmeer">Mittelmeer</a> steckt. Der nördliche Tethysarm war reduziert auf ein schmales, tiefes Becken nördlich der alpidischen Kollisionsfront. Südlich von Indien bildete sich ein neuer Ozean, der <a href="Indischer_Ozean" title="Indischer Ozean">Indische Ozean</a>.

</p><p>Im weiteren Verlauf der alpidischen Orogenese bildete sich etwa an der <a href="Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän">Eozän</a>/<a href="Oligoz%C3%A4n" title="Oligozän">Oligozän</a>-Grenze nördlich der Orogenfront ein überwiegend <a href="Epikontinentalmeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Epikontinentalmeer">kontinentales Randmeer</a>, die Paratethys, und im westlichen Teil des Orogens, südlich seiner Front, das Mittelmeer. Im weiteren <a href="Tektonik" title="Tektonik">tektonischen</a> Ablauf der Ereignisse bildeten sich im westlichen Mittelmeer zudem neue ozeanische Teilbecken. Der Ablagerungsbereich des westlichen Teils der Paratethys wird auch allgemein <a href="Molassebecken" title="Molassebecken">Molassebecken</a> genannt.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paläogeographie_und_Sedimentation"><span id="Pal.C3.A4ogeographie_und_Sedimentation"></span>Paläogeographie und Sedimentation</h2></div>

<p>An der Eozän/Oligozän-Grenze war die westliche Paratethys weitgehend vom Mittelmeer abgetrennt. Lediglich in den westlichen <a href="Voralpen" title="Voralpen">Voralpen</a> und im Bereich des heutigen <a href="Slowenien" title="Slowenien">Slowenien</a> öffneten sich noch tiefere Meeresbereiche zum Mittelmeer. Die <a href="D%C3%A4nemark" title="Dänemark">Dänisch</a>-<a href="Polen" title="Polen">Polnische</a> Straße und eine weitere Meeresstraße im Bereich des <a href="Oberrheinische_Tiefebene" title="Oberrheinische Tiefebene">Rheingrabens</a> verbanden die Paratethys während NP21 (Paläogennannoplankton-Zone 21 = untere regionale norddeutsche Stufe Latdorfium, untere globale Stufe <a href="Rupelium" title="Rupelium">Rupelium</a>) mit der <a href="Nordsee" title="Nordsee">Nordsee</a>. Eine erste gewisse Isolierung der Paratethys deutet sich mit der <a href="Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a> von <a href="Schwarzschiefer" title="Schwarzschiefer">Schwarzschiefern</a> in der darauf folgenden Zone NP 22 an. Im oberen Teil von NP 22 kamen die weitverbreiteten <i>Spiratella</i>/<i>Limacina</i>- oder <a href="Pteropoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropoden">Pteropoden</a>-<a href="Mergel" title="Mergel">Mergel</a> zur Ablagerung, die quasi als <a href="Horizont_(Geologie)" title="Horizont (Geologie)">Leithorizont</a> zur Korrelation benutzt werden können. In der östlichen Paratethys hielt die Sedimentation nicht Schritt mit der <a href="Subsidenz_(Geologie)" title="Subsidenz (Geologie)">Absenkung</a>. In den immer tiefer werdenden Becken bildeten sich unter <a href="Schwefelwasserstoff" title="Schwefelwasserstoff">Schwefelwasserstoff</a>-Bedingungen Schwarzschiefer und <a href="Manganerz" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganerz">Manganerze</a>. Diese Ablagerungsbedingungen hielten im östlichen Teil durch das gesamte Oligozän und Untere <a href="Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän">Miozän</a> an. In der Zone NP23 wurden die Verbindungen zu den Weltmeeren weitgehend unterbrochen, und es kam unter <a href="Anaerob" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerob">anaeroben</a> Verhältnissen zur Ablagerung von dunklen, gebänderten Tonen, <a href="Nannoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannoplankton">Nannoplankton</a>-Mergeln, die nur eine Art enthalten, und <a href="Limnologie" title="Limnologie">limnisch</a>-<a href="Brackisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackisch">brackischen</a> <a href="Diatomit" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomit">Diatomiten</a>. Marine Faunen sind nur aus dem westlichsten Teil der Paratethys bekannt.

</p><p>Erst im mittleren Oligozän (NP24 = regionale Stufe des Kiscelliums, globale Stufe des <a href="Aquitanium" title="Aquitanium">Aquitaniums</a>) stellten sich im gesamten Paratethys-Bereich wieder vollmarine Bedingungen ein. Die Meeresstraße im Bereich des heutigen Slowenien wurde breiter. Vermutlich existierte auch eine Verbindung vom Indischen Ozean zur Paratethys im Bereich des heutigen <a href="Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a>. Es wurden nun überwiegend <a href="Klastisches_Sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Klastisches Sediment">klastische Sedimente</a> (<a href="Tonstein" title="Tonstein">Ton-</a> und <a href="Sandstein" title="Sandstein">Sandsteine</a>) abgelagert, z. T. auch als <a href="Turbidit" title="Turbidit">Turbidite</a>. Am Ende des Oligozäns zog sich das Meer aus dem westlichen Teil der Paratethys bis auf die Linie München-Salzburg zurück, so dass hier nur limnische und fluviatile Sedimente abgelagert wurden („Untere Süßwassermolasse“). Weiter östlich verbreiterten sich die Verbindungen zum offenen Meer. Im Bereich <a href="Thrakien_(Landschaft)" title="Thrakien (Landschaft)">Thrakiens</a> öffnete sich während der Zone NP25 zudem eine neue Verbindung zum Mittelmeer. Diese Verhältnisse hielten bis ins unterste Miozän (NN1 = Neogennannoplankton-Zone 1) an. Marine Faunen aus dem Bereich des heutigen <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="Weichtiere" title="Weichtiere">Weichtiere</a> und Groß<a href="Foraminiferen" title="Foraminiferen">foraminiferen</a>) konnten bis in die zentralen Bereiche der Paratethys vordringen. Auch im <a href="Burdigalium" title="Burdigalium">Burdigalium</a> bestanden enge faunistische Beziehungen zum Indopazifischen Raum. Ein Horizont mit riesigen <a href="Pectinida" title="Pectinida">pectiniden</a> <a href="Muscheln" title="Muscheln">Muscheln</a> und anderen großwüchsigen Weichtieren erstreckte sich von <a href="Kalifornien" title="Kalifornien">Kalifornien</a> bis ins bayerische Molassebecken.

</p><p>Im unteren Burdigalium (= <a href="Eggenburgium" title="Eggenburgium">Eggenburgium</a>) öffnete sich die Verbindung in der westlichen Paratethys wieder, dafür schloss sich die Meeresverbindung im Gebiet des heutigen Slowenien. Im oberen Burdigalium (<a href="Ottnangium" title="Ottnangium">Ottnangium</a>) kollidierte Afrika zusammen mit der noch mit ihr verbundenen Arabischen Halbinsel mit der <a href="Anatolische_Platte" title="Anatolische Platte">Anatolischen Platte</a>, und die Verbindung zum Indischen Ozean wurde unterbrochen. Das Mittelmeer war nun ausschließlich eine Bucht des <a href="Atlantik" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantik">Atlantik</a>. Die östliche Paratethys verlor ihre Verbindung zum offenen Meer und süßte aus, das sog. Kotsakhurium-Becken entstand, in dem sich eine <a href="Endemit" title="Endemit">endemische</a> Fauna entwickelte. In der westlichen Tethys blieb die Verbindung zum Mittelmeer offen, ein schmaler Korridor öffnete sich über den Rheingraben zur Nordsee. Der östliche Teil der karpatischen Vortiefe wurde ein <a href="Evaporit" title="Evaporit">Evaporitbecken</a>. Am Ende des Ottnangium ereignete sich eine <a href="Regression_(Geologie)" title="Regression (Geologie)">Regression</a> und <a href="%C3%84stuar" title="Ästuar">ästuarine</a> Sedimente wurden in der zentralen Paratethys abgelagert.

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<p>Im mittleren Miozän kam es zu einer <a href="Transgression_(Geologie)" title="Transgression (Geologie)">Transgression</a>, die sich mit der Basis des <a href="Langhium" title="Langhium">Langhium</a> korrelieren lässt. Zwischen Anatolien und der arabischen Halbinsel öffnete sich eine neue Verbindung zwischen Mittelmeer und Indischem Ozean, ebenso eine Meeresverbindung im östlichen Anatolien zwischen der östlichen Paratethys und dem Indischen Ozean. Allerdings brachte diese Meeresverbindung wohl keine vollmarinen Verhältnisse für das gesamte Becken. Dieser Meeresspiegelhochstand war auch gekoppelt mit tropischen Verhältnissen im Paratethysbereich, die sich bis Südpolen erstreckten.

</p><p>Die Regression im unteren <a href="Serravallium" title="Serravallium">Serravallium</a> beendete die Verbindungen der Paratethys zum offenen Meer weitgehend. Die östliche Paratethys entwickelte sich zum Karaganium-See. In der zentralen Paratethys wurden das Transsylvanische Becken und die Karpaten-Vortiefe zu Evaporitbecken. Nur das Pannonische Becken behielt eine Verbindung zum Mittelmeer. Diese Verbindung schloss sich im Laufe des Serravallium. Dafür öffnete sich wieder eine Meeresverbindung zur östlichen und zentralen Paratethys, wie <a href="Indopazifik" title="Indopazifik">indopazifische</a> Faunen in der Paratethys zeigen. Letztmals stellten sich marine Bedingungen vom Wiener Becken im Westen bis zum Transkaspischen Becken im Osten ein.

</p><p>Am Ende des <a href="Badenium" title="Badenium">Badenium</a> wurde die Paratethys weitgehend vom offenen Meer isoliert. Vermutlich existierte nur noch eine schmale Meeresverbindung zwischen Mittelmeer und östlicher Paratethys über Ostanatolien.

</p><p>Zu Beginn des <a href="Sarmatium" title="Sarmatium">Sarmatiums</a> ging vermutlich auch diese Meeresverbindung verloren. Die <a href="Salinit%C3%A4t" title="Salinität">Salinität</a> sank und – wichtiger für die Faunenentwicklung – die <a href="Alkalinit%C3%A4t" title="Alkalinität">Alkalinität</a> erhöhte sich. Alle <a href="Stenohalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenohalin">stenohalinen</a> Organismen starben aus. Die Fauna glich sich im gesamten (Rest-)Bereich der Paratethys an. Im Bereich der zentralen Paratethys verkleinerte sich der Sedimentationsraum zunehmend, und die <a href="Karpatenvorland" title="Karpatenvorland">Karpatenvortiefe</a> fiel trocken. Im Karpatenbogen bildete sich ein Brackwassersee mit stark reduzierter Salinität, der <a href="Pannon-See" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannon-See">Pannon-See</a>. In diesem Bereich starben die sarmatischen Faunenelemente fast völlig aus, während die Sarmatfauna im Dacischen und Euxinischen Teilbecken weiter ausdauerte. Dort ereignete sich im Bessarabium und Khersonium eine Massenvermehrung von Muscheln der Familie der <a href="Mactridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mactridae">Mactridae</a>. Im oberen Khersonium kam es zu einer Regression, die kurzzeitig das Schwarze Meer isolierte, das aber im unteren Maeotium wieder geflutet wurde. Eine weitere Regression im oberen Maeotium führte zu den annähernd Süßwasserbedingungen des <a href="Pontium" title="Pontium">Pontium</a>. Der Pontische See erstreckte sich vom Pannonischen Becken bis zum Schwarzen Meer. Mit der <a href="Plioz%C3%A4n" title="Pliozän">pliozänen</a> Transgression stellten sich ungefähr die heutigen Verhältnisse ein.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratigraphie">Stratigraphie</h2></div>

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<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span></div><div id="ScaleBar" style="width:1px; float:left; height:40em; padding:0; background-color:#242020"></div><div id="Timeline" class="toccolours" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; height:40em; padding:0px; float:left; width:11em; border:none; background-color:transparent;"><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(253,192,122); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:26.784660766962em; height:13.115339233038em; margin-left:0em; width:2.2em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-6.6076696165192em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Oligoz%C3%A4n" title="Oligozän">O.</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(255,255,0); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.8997050147493em; height:21.138938053097em; margin-left:0em; width:2.2em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-10.619469026549em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän">M.</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(255,255,153); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.9498525073746em; height:3.2038348082596em; margin-left:0em; width:2.2em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.6519174041298em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Plioz%C3%A4n" title="Pliozän">Pl.</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#F8F0AB; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:2.9678466076696em; margin-left:0em; width:2.2em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.5339233038348em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,217,154); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:33.274336283186em; height:6.6256637168142em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-3.3628318584071em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Rupelium" title="Rupelium">Rupelium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,230,170); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:26.784660766962em; height:6.6256637168142em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-3.3628318584071em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Chattium" title="Chattium">Chattium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(255,255,51); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:23.598820058997em; height:3.4398230088496em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.7699115044248em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Aquitanium" title="Aquitanium">Aquitanium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(255,255,65); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18.761061946903em; height:5.2097345132743em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.6548672566372em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Burdigalium" title="Burdigalium">Burdigalium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(255,255,77); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.929203539823em; height:2.8498525073746em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.4749262536873em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Langhium" title="Langhium">Langhium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(255,255,89); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:13.569321533923em; height:2.3778761061947em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.2389380530973em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Serravallium" title="Serravallium">Serravallium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(255,255,102); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:8.377581120944em; height:5.2097345132743em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.6548672566372em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Tortonium" title="Tortonium">Tortonium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(255,255,115); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.1356932153392em; height:2.2598820058997em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.1799410029499em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Messinium" title="Messinium">Messinium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#FBF4C7; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.0117994100295em; height:2.1418879056047em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.1209439528024em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#FBF5CF; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.1238938053097em; height:1.7879056047198em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.94395280235988em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#F8F5BE; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:-0.088200589970501em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.0058997050147493em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#F8F5BE; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.011799410029499em; height:2.0120943952802em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.0560471976401em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#F8F5BE; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.1238938053097em; height:0.84395280235988em; margin-left:2.2em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.47197640117994em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:30.324483775811em; height:8.5135693215339em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-4.306784660767em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Kiscellium</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:23.834808259587em; height:6.5076696165192em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-3.3038348082596em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Egerium" title="Egerium">Egerium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:21.238938053097em; height:2.8498525073746em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.4749262536873em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19.587020648968em; height:1.9058997050147em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.0029498525074em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18.643067846608em; height:1.3159292035398em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.70796460176991em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:14.867256637168em; height:3.9117994100295em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.0058997050147em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Badenium" title="Badenium">Badenium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:13.215339233038em; height:1.6699115044248em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.88495575221239em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:8.377581120944em; height:5.2097345132743em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.6548672566372em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Pannonium" title="Pannonium">Pannonium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.1356932153392em; height:2.2598820058997em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.1799410029499em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Pontium" title="Pontium">Pontium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.0117994100295em; height:2.1418879056047em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.1209439528024em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Dacium" title="Dacium">Dacium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.1238938053097em; height:2.0238938053097em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.0619469026549em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Romanium" title="Romanium">Romanium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.1238938053097em; height:2.0238938053097em; margin-left:8.8em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.0619469026549em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Romanium" title="Romanium">Romanium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:37.6401179941em; height:2.0238938053097em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.0619469026549em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Pshekium</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:35.752212389381em; height:1.9058997050147em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.0029498525074em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Solenovium</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:27.846607669617em; height:8.041592920354em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-4.070796460177em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Kalmykium</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:24.070796460177em; height:3.9117994100295em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.0058997050148em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:21.356932153392em; height:2.7318584070796em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.4159292035398em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Sakaraulium</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19.351032448378em; height:2.1418879056047em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.1209439528024em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Kotsakhurium</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:17.463126843658em; height:1.7879056047198em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.94395280235988em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Tarkhanium</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.339233038348em; height:2.1418879056047em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.1209439528024em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Kon./Kar./Tsh.</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:11.799410029499em; height:3.6758112094395em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.8879056047198em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:8.377581120944em; height:3.3218289085546em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.7109144542773em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Maeotium</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.1356932153392em; height:2.2598820058997em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.1799410029499em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Pontium" title="Pontium">Pontium</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#EFCF88; border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.2477876106195em; height:1.9058997050147em; margin-left:15.4em; width:6.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.0029498525074em;"><span style="font-size:90%;">Kimmerium</span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:black; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:40em; margin-left:2.2em; width:0.066em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-20em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:black; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:40em; margin-left:8.8em; width:0.11em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-20em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:black; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.1238938053097em; height:37.6401179941em; margin-left:15.4em; width:0.066em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-18.82005899705em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:black; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.2477876106195em; height:35.516224188791em; margin-left:22em; width:0.11em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; 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color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="Karpatium" title="Karpatium">Karpatium</a></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:14.513274336283em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-1em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="Sarmatium" title="Sarmatium">Sarmatium</a></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:25.958702064897em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:5em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;">Karadzhal-<br>ganium</span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:12.979351032448em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:8em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;">Kh.<br>Bess.<br>Volh.</span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:41.061946902655em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-10em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a href="Chronostratigraphie" title="Chronostratigraphie">Chronostratigr.<br>Gliederung</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:41.061946902655em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-1.5em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zentrale <br>Paratethys</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:41.061946902655em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:5.5em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Östliche <br>Paratethys</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:41.297935103245em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a href="Mya_(Zeitskala)" title="Mya (Zeitskala)">mya</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:14.159292035398em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:5em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="Sarmatium" title="Sarmatium">Sar.</a></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; 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font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:9.5em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:25em"><br><p style="line-height:1.0em; text-align:left"><small>Kon. = Konkium, Kar. = Karaganium, Tsh. = Tshokrakium, Sar. = <a href="Sarmatium" title="Sarmatium">Sarmatium</a>, Kh. = Khersonium, Bess. = Bessarabium, Volh. = Volhynium</small></p></div></div>

<p>Im zentralen und östlichen Paratethysbereich wird eine von der globalen <a href="Stratigraphie_(Geologie)" title="Stratigraphie (Geologie)">Stratigraphie</a> abweichende <a href="Stufe_(Geologie)" title="Stufe (Geologie)">Stufengliederung</a> verwendet, da die dortigen <a href="Sedimentgesteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentgesteine">Sedimentgesteine</a> oft nur sehr schwer mit der globalen Gliederung zu <a href="Korrelation" title="Korrelation">korrelieren</a> sind.

</p><p>Im zentralen Paratethys-Bereich wird folgende Gliederung verwendet:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Romanium" title="Romanium">Romanium</a></li>

<li><a href="Dacium" title="Dacium">Dacium</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontium" title="Pontium">Pontium</a></li>

<li><a href="Pannonium" title="Pannonium">Pannonium</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarmatium" title="Sarmatium">Sarmatium</a></li>

<li><a href="Badenium" title="Badenium">Badenium</a></li>

<li><a href="Karpatium" title="Karpatium">Karpatium</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottnangium" title="Ottnangium">Ottnangium</a></li>

<li><a href="Eggenburgium" title="Eggenburgium">Eggenburgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Egerium" title="Egerium">Egerium</a></li>

<li>Kiscellium.</li></ul>

<p>Im östlichen Paratethys-Bereich, etwa im Bereich des Schwarzen und des Kaspischen Meeres, werden meist andere regionale Stufen verwendet:

</p>

<ul><li>Kimmerium</li>

<li><a href="Pontium" title="Pontium">Pontium</a></li>

<li>Maeotium</li>

<li>„Sarmatium“ (nicht identisch mit dem Sarmatium der westlichen Paratethys), meist unterteilt von unten nach oben in: Volhynium, Bessarabium und Khersonium</li>

<li>Konkium</li>

<li>Karaganium/Tshokrakium (werden meist zusammengefasst)</li>

<li>Tarkhanium</li>

<li>Kotsakhurium</li>

<li>Sakaraulium</li>

<li>Karadzhalganium</li>

<li>Kalmykium</li>

<li>Solenovium</li>

<li>Pshekium.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Tethys" title="Proto-Tethys">Proto-Tethys</a></li>

<li><a href="Erdgeschichte_Nieder%C3%B6sterreichs" title="Erdgeschichte Niederösterreichs">Erdgeschichte Niederösterreichs</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>

<ul><li>Martin Oczlon: <i>Terrane Map of Europe.</i> Gaea Heidelbergensis, 15, Heidelberg 2006, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">

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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310180438/http://instruct.uwo.ca/earth-sci/fieldlog/cal_napp/caledonides/terrane_map_europe.jpg">JPG</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 10. März 2015 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>).</li>

<li>Dan Valentin Palcu et al.: <i>Late Miocene megalake regressions in Eurasia.</i> In: <i>Scientific Reports.</i> Band 11, Artikel-Nr. 11471, 2021, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91001-z" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91001-z">doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91001-z</a>.</li>

<li>Fred Rögl: <i>Mediterranean and Paratethys. Facts and hypotheses of an Oligocene to Miocene palaeogeography (short overview)</i>. <i>Geologica Carpathica</i>. Band 50, Nr. 4, Bratislava 1999, S. 339–349 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Rogl-GeoCarp-1999.pdf">PDF</a>).</li>

<li>H.-M. Schulz, A. Bechtel und R.F. Sachsenhofer: <i>The birth of the Paratethys during the Early Oligocene: From Tethys to an ancient Black Sea analogue?</i> Global and Planetary Change 49(3–4), Amsterdam 2005, S. 163–176, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.07.001">10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.07.001</a></span>.</li>

<li>Fritz F. Steininger, Godfrid Wessely: <i>From the Tethyan Ocean to the Paratethys Sea: Oligocene to Neogene Stratigraphy, Paleogeography and Paleobiogeography of the circum-Mediterranean region and the Oligocene to Neogene Basin evolution in Austria.</i> In: <i>Mitteilungen der Österreichischen geologischen Gesellschaft.</i> 92, Wien 2000, S. 95–116 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/MittGeolGes_92_0095-0116.pdf">zobodat.at</a> [PDF]).</li>

<li>Mathias Harzhauser, Bernard Landau, Oleg Mandic, Thomas A. Neubauer: <i>The Central Paratethys Sea—rise and demise of a Miocene European marine biodiversity hotspot.</i> In: <i>Scientific Reports.</i> Band 14, Artikel-Nr. 16288, 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67370-6" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67370-6">doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67370-6</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>

<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paratethys_Ocean?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Paratethys</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/miocene.htm">Die Welt vor 14 Mio. Jahren (englisch)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121127145515/http://www.geologie.ac.at/RockyAustria/entstehung_der_alpen.htm">Entstehung der Ostalpen</a> Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien (archivierte Webseite)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.orf.at/stories/3225978/">Vor 15 Mio. Jahren: Subtropische Unterwasserwelt in Europa</a>. Bericht auf <a href="Orf.at" class="mw-redirect" title="Orf.at">orf.at</a> anlässlich der Veröffentlichung des Artikels von Harzhauser et al., 2024 (siehe <a href="#Literatur">Literatur</a>).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Gérard Stampfli: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113060454/http://www.unil.ch/webdav/site/igp/shared/Research/Geodynamics_-_Stampfli/155.pdf"><i>155 Ma - Late Oxfordian (an. M25).</i></a> Archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">

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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unil.ch%2Fwebdav%2Fsite%2Figp%2Fshared%2FResearch%2FGeodynamics_-_Stampfli%2F155.pdf">Original</a></span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 22. November 2022</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AParatethys&rft.title=155+Ma+-+Late+Oxfordian+%28an.+M25%29&rft.description=155+Ma+-+Late+Oxfordian+%28an.+M25%29&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120113060454%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.unil.ch%2Fwebdav%2Fsite%2Figp%2Fshared%2FResearch%2FGeodynamics_-_Stampfli%2F155.pdf&rft.creator=G%C3%A9rard+Stampfli&rft.source=http://www.unil.ch/webdav/site/igp/shared/Research/Geodynamics_-_Stampfli/155.pdf"> </span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Sid Perkins: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/rise-and-fall-world-s-largest-lake"><i>The rise and fall of the world's largest lake.</i></a> In: <i>Science.</i> 4. Juni 2021,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 20. November 2022</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AParatethys&rft.title=The+rise+and+fall+of+the+world%27s+largest+lake&rft.description=The+rise+and+fall+of+the+world%27s+largest+lake&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Frise-and-fall-world-s-largest-lake&rft.creator=Sid+Perkins&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft.language=en"> </span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Laskarev: <cite style="font-style:italic">Sur les équivalents du Sarmatien supérieur en Serbie</cite>. In: P. Vujević (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Recueil de travaux offerts à M. Jovan Cvijić par ses amis et collaborateurs</cite>. Belgrad 1924, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>73–87</span> (zitiert in Steininger und Wessely 2000, S. 95).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Paratethys&rft.atitle=Sur+les+%C3%A9quivalents+du+Sarmatien+sup%C3%A9rieur+en+Serbie&rft.au=Vladimir+Laskarev&rft.btitle=Recueil+de+travaux+offerts+%C3%A0+M.+Jovan+Cviji%C4%87+par+ses+amis+et+collaborateurs&rft.date=1924&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=73-87&rft.place=Belgrad" style="display:none"> </span></span>

</li>

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